How To Create Pivot Table From Multiple Tables In Excel
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Creating Pivot Tables from Multiple Tables in Excel
Pivot tables are powerful tools in Excel that allow you to summarize and analyze large datasets. While creating a pivot table from a single table is straightforward, you can also create them from multiple related tables. This is particularly useful when your data is organized in a relational format, where information is spread across multiple tables to avoid redundancy and improve data integrity. This approach leverages Excel’s Data Model, effectively creating a mini-database within your spreadsheet.
Understanding the Need for Multiple Table Pivot Tables
Imagine you have two tables:
- Orders Table: Contains information about customer orders, including Order ID, Customer ID, Order Date, and Total Amount.
- Customers Table: Contains information about customers, including Customer ID, Customer Name, City, and Country.
You want to analyze the total order amount by customer city. Simply creating a pivot table from either table alone wouldn’t provide the desired information. You need to link the two tables together using the common field, “Customer ID,” and then create the pivot table from this combined data.
Prerequisites
Before you begin, ensure the following:
- Excel Version: You need a version of Excel that supports the Data Model (Excel 2013 and later).
- Data is in Tables: Your data must be formatted as Excel Tables. Tables offer several advantages, including automatic range expansion and structured referencing. To convert a range to a table, select the data and go to Insert > Table. Give each table a descriptive name (e.g., “Orders” and “Customers”) using the Table Design tab.
- Relationships Defined: There must be at least one common field between the tables to establish a relationship. In our example, the “Customer ID” field links the Orders and Customers tables. The column names do *not* have to be identical, but the *data* within the columns *must* match up (e.g., be a numeric ID in both).
- Clean Data: Ensure your data is clean and consistent. Inconsistent data (e.g., different date formats, typos in IDs) can lead to inaccurate results in the pivot table.
Steps to Create a Pivot Table from Multiple Tables
- Load Tables into the Data Model:
For each table:
- Select any cell within the table.
- Go to the Insert tab and click PivotTable.
- In the “Create PivotTable” dialog box, select “From Table/Range.”
- Important: Check the box “Add this data to the Data Model.”
- Click OK. A new sheet will be created with a blank PivotTable.
- Activate the Relationships Feature (if not already):
If you haven’t created a pivot table from multiple tables before in your current Excel session, the “Relationships” button may not be visible by default.
- Go to the “Data” tab on the Ribbon.
- Look for a group called “Data Tools”.
- If you see a button labelled “Relationships” proceed to step 3. If not, proceed with the following steps.
- Click on the “Get & Transform Data” dropdown button (it may be labelled “Get Data” in some versions) and then choose “Get Data from Other Sources”, then select “From Other Sources”.
- In the “Data Connection Wizard”, select “Microsoft Query” and click “OK”.
- In the “Choose Data Source” dialog box, you do not need to select anything, simply click “Cancel”.
- Excel will show a warning message that the data source is empty. Click “OK”.
- Excel will open the “Microsoft Query” dialog box. Close it by clicking the “File” menu and then selecting “Exit”.
- Click “No” to discard the query.
- Now, the “Relationships” button should appear in the “Data Tools” group on the “Data” tab.
- Create Relationships:
- Go to the Data tab.
- Click the “Relationships” button in the “Data Tools” group.
- In the “Manage Relationships” dialog box, click “New.”
- Table 1: Select the first table (e.g., “Orders”).
- Column (Foreign): Select the column in Table 1 that represents the foreign key (e.g., “Customer ID”).
- Related Table: Select the second table (e.g., “Customers”).
- Related Column (Primary): Select the column in the Related Table that represents the primary key (e.g., “Customer ID”).
- Excel will automatically detect the relationship type (usually “Many to One”). Ensure it’s correct.
- Click OK.
- Repeat this process for any other relationships between your tables.
- Close the “Manage Relationships” dialog box.
- Build the Pivot Table:
- Go back to the PivotTable sheet (created in Step 1).
- In the PivotTable Fields pane, you’ll now see both of your tables (“Orders” and “Customers”).
- Expand each table to see its fields.
- Drag the desired fields to the appropriate areas in the PivotTable Fields pane:
- For example, drag “City” from the “Customers” table to the “Rows” area.
- Drag “Total Amount” from the “Orders” table to the “Values” area.
- Excel will automatically aggregate the data based on the relationship you defined.
- Customize the Pivot Table:
- Value Field Settings: By default, the “Total Amount” will likely be summarized as “Sum of Total Amount.” You can change this by clicking the dropdown arrow next to the “Total Amount” field in the “Values” area, selecting “Value Field Settings…”, and choosing a different calculation (e.g., Average, Count, Max, Min).
- Grouping: Group date fields (e.g., “Order Date”) by year, quarter, month, etc., to analyze trends over time. Right-click on a date in the PivotTable and select “Group.”
- Filtering: Use the filter options in the PivotTable to focus on specific subsets of data (e.g., filter by country, product category).
- Sorting: Sort the data in the PivotTable to quickly identify the highest or lowest values.
- Formatting: Apply number formatting to the “Total Amount” field to display currency symbols or adjust the number of decimal places.
- Design: Use the PivotTable Design tab to change the layout, style, and colors of the PivotTable.
Important Considerations
- Data Model Limitations: While powerful, the Data Model has limitations. Very large datasets can slow down performance. If dealing with truly massive data, consider using a dedicated database system and connecting Excel to it.
- Relationship Types: Excel primarily supports “One-to-Many” relationships in its Data Model. While it *can* handle “Many-to-Many” relationships, it typically requires an intermediate table (a “junction table”).
- Error Handling: If the relationship isn’t properly defined or if there are inconsistencies in the data, the pivot table may produce incorrect results. Always double-check the relationships and validate the data.
- Refreshing the Pivot Table: If you make changes to the underlying data, you need to refresh the pivot table. Go to the PivotTable Analyze (or Options) tab and click the “Refresh” button. You can also set the pivot table to automatically refresh when the file is opened.
- Hidden Rows/Columns: Pivot tables can sometimes hide rows or columns automatically based on filters or grouping. Make sure you are aware of any hidden data that might be affecting your analysis.
Example Scenario
Let’s illustrate with a detailed example:
Table 1: Products (Name: `Products`)
ProductID | ProductName | Category | UnitPrice |
---|---|---|---|
101 | Laptop | Electronics | 1200 |
102 | Mouse | Electronics | 25 |
201 | T-Shirt | Clothing | 20 |
202 | Jeans | Clothing | 60 |
Table 2: Sales (Name: `Sales`)
SaleID | ProductID | Quantity | SaleDate |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 101 | 2 | 2023-10-26 |
2 | 102 | 10 | 2023-10-27 |
3 | 201 | 5 | 2023-10-27 |
4 | 101 | 1 | 2023-10-28 |
- Convert both ranges to Excel Tables (Insert > Table) and name them `Products` and `Sales`.
- Create a PivotTable from the `Products` table, adding it to the Data Model.
- Create a PivotTable from the `Sales` table, adding it to the Data Model.
- Go to Data > Relationships > New.
- Table: `Sales`, Column (Foreign): `ProductID`, Related Table: `Products`, Related Column (Primary): `ProductID`. Click OK.
- Create a new PivotTable (or use one of the existing ones and clear its fields).
- Drag `Category` from the `Products` table to the “Rows” area.
- Drag `Quantity` from the `Sales` table to the “Values” area.
The resulting pivot table will show the total quantity sold for each product category. You can then add `ProductName` to the “Rows” area (nested under `Category`) or the “Columns” area to further analyze the data.
Conclusion
Creating pivot tables from multiple tables in Excel is a powerful technique for analyzing data that is stored in a relational format. By using the Data Model and defining relationships between tables, you can easily combine data from different sources and create comprehensive summaries. Understanding the steps involved and the key considerations will help you leverage this functionality to gain valuable insights from your data.
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